Photo: AFP Karkazis says some of the most complicated debates about sex, sexuality, genderpresentation and gender identity are about hormones.
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For her, sexual orientation and genderpresentation were synonymous, so the more masculine I dressed, the more she associated me with being gay.
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However things like lower financial means, age, martial status, number of children, genderpresentation, and sexual orientation can intensify the hate their families receive.
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This is a classic transphobic trope, or a fear that her genderpresentation does not "match" the sex she was assigned at birth.
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Queer Black women and trans men, especially those who do not conform in their genderpresentation, are seen as a threat to insecure black masculinity.
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A new law seeks to amend Canada's human rights code by creating protections for genderexpression.
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More recently, prejudice against people whose genderexpression falls outside the norm is also becoming taboo.
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Just under 10% reported the same experiences due to their genderexpression, it added.
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She claimed the women were discriminating against her "based on gender identity and genderexpression".
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The CHLEW includes a novel measure of genderexpression, with masculinity and femininity as distinct but overlapping constructs.